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Minggu, 23 Maret 2014

The Review: Wall-E

Pixar’s “WALL-E” succeeds at being three things at once: an enthralling animated film, a visual wonderment and a decent science-fiction story. After “Kung Fu Panda” I thought I had just about exhausted my emergency supply of childlike credulity, but here is a film, like “Finding Nemo” that you can enjoy even if you’ve grown up. That it works largely without spoken dialogue is all the more astonishing; it can easily cross language barriers, which is all the better, considering that it tells a planetary story.

It is 700 years in the future. A city of skyscrapers rises up from the land. A closer view reveals that the skyscrapers are all constructed out of garbage, neatly compacted into squares or bales and piled on top of one another. In all the land, only one creature stirs. This is WALL-E, the last of the functioning solar-powered robots. He — the story leaves no doubt about gender — scoops up trash, shovels it into his belly, compresses it into a square and climbs on his tractor treads and heads up a winding road to the top of his latest skyscraper, to place it neatly on the pile.

It is lonely being WALL-E. But does WALL-E even know that? He comes home at night to a big storage area, where he has gathered a few treasures from his scavengings of the garbage and festooned them with Christmas lights. He wheels into his rest position, takes off his treads from his tired wheels and goes into sleep mode. Tomorrow is another day: One of thousands since the last humans left the Earth and settled into orbit aboard gigantic spaceships that resemble spas for the fat and lazy.

One day WALL-E’s age-old routine is shattered. Something new appears in his world, which otherwise has consisted only of old things left behind. This is, to our eye, a sleek spaceship. To WALL-E’s eyes, who knows? What with one thing and another, WALL-E is scooped up by the ship and returned to the orbiting spaceship Axiom, along with his most recent precious discovery: a tiny, perfect green plant, which he found growing in the rubble and transplanted to an old shoe.

Have you heard enough to be intrigued, or do you want more? Speaking voices are now heard for the first time in the movie, although all on his own, WALL-E has a vocabulary (or repertory?) of squeaks, rattles and electronic purrs, and a couple of pivoting eyes that make him look downright anthropomorphic. We meet a Hoverchair family, so known because aboard ship they get around in comfy chairs that hover over surfaces and whisk them about effortlessly. They’re all as fat as Susie’s aunt.

This is not entirely their fault, since generations in the low-gravity world aboard the Axiom have evolved humanity into a race whose members resemble those folks you see whizzing around Wal-Mart in their electric shopping carts.

There is now a plot involving WALL-E, the ship’s captain, several Hover people and the fate of the green living thing. And in a development that would have made Sir Arthur Clarke’s heart beat with joy, humanity returns home once again — or is that a spoiler?

The movie has a wonderful look. Like so many of the Pixar animated features, it finds a color palette that’s bright and cheerful, but not too pushy, and a tiny bit realistic at the same time. The drawing style is Comic Book Cool, as perfected in the funny comics more than in the superhero books: Everything has a stylistic twist to give it flair. And a lot of thought must have gone into the design of WALL-E, for whom I felt a curious affection. Consider this hunk of tin beside the Kung Fu Panda. The panda was all but special-ordered to be lovable, but on reflection, I think he was so fat, it wasn’t funny anymore. WALL-E, however, looks rusty and hard-working and plucky, and expresses his personality with body language and (mostly) with the binocular-like video cameras that serve as his eyes. The movie draws on a tradition going back to the earliest days of Walt Disney, who reduced human expressions to their broadest components and found ways to translate them to animals, birds, bees, flowers, trains and everything else.

What’s more, I don’t think I’ve quite captured the film’s enchanting storytelling. Directed and co-written by Andrew Stanton, who wrote and directed “Finding Nemo,” it involves ideas, not simply mindless scenarios involving characters karate-kicking each other into high-angle shots. It involves a little work on the part of the audience, and a little thought, and might be especially stimulating to younger viewers. This story told in a different style and with a realistic look could have been a great science-fiction film. For that matter, maybe it is.


Selasa, 18 Maret 2014

The Review: Metro Group's Future Store Initiative




The intense competition German retail market have encouraged Metro Group, one of Europe's largest retailers, to test new technologies that simplify the way shoppers pick and pay for shopping, and persuade them into buying more. Here, at Metro's Future Store in Rheinberg, a medium-sized city north of Düsseldorf, near the Dutch border. Customers at the Future Store can use some incredible features that promise speed and comfortable. All seeking ways to reduce theft and improve inventory control.

Refrigerator which can scan all item therein and make it into the list of the items, called "Smart Fridges". If we take one of the item, the refrigerator will know and remove the item from the list. After that, the information about the item which have been taken or there is nothing in the refrigerator will sent via internet to "Electronic Shopping List". Electronic shopping list is provided on the home PC and sent via internet to the future store.

All information about electronic shopping list and payment is packaged into the card which have a chip and use RFID technology. That card can be called "Future Card". When customer shopping, all information will displayed in their PDA which exist in the "Smart Trolley". If customer pick up item in the "Smart Shelf", then stock item in the shelf will decrease and that information will be sent to the PDA's employee. Smart Shelf alert staff to fill items that are running low or are sold out, so the employee can know with easily what items are sold out, so they can fill the empty items quickly. 

In Metro's Future Store, there is "Smart Information Terminal" which contains information about all item in the store. The monitor of smart information terminal displays menu for recipe and location, so customer will know the item that they select can be used for something and located on the shelf. That recipe information will be transmitted to customer's cell phone. Smart information terminal, not only display information about recipe and location, but also display advertising such as price and discount that is offered.

The entire store is covered by a wireless local-area network. The network links to all mobile devices, such as the computers, called personal shopping assistants (PSA), and even many stationary devices, including electronic shelf, flat-screen displays which is used for promotion product.

When customer buy item which its weight unknown, it must be scaled with "Smart Scales" with digital cameras. Smart scales can scan the item and know its type. The information that will be displayed is about type of the item, its weight, and name of the employee who served. Smart scales know name of the employee who served through scanning name tag of the employee with RFID.

Another feature is "Smart Dressing Room" where customer can pick clothes that they want to buy. In smart dressing room, customer can know and consider the clothes which suits with them without should to try directly. Customer can see the result if they wear that clothes in a monitor. After that, they can pick up the selected clothes at the information counter.

For women, there are also "Smart Mirror" which try a make-up-products on their own picture. To use smart mirror, position yourself in front of the camera and press button. Choose one of our five individual looks, there are; sophisticated, professional, evening, trendy, and natural. Then modify the intensity of the shades, like; foundation, blush, lipstick, eye shadow, and mascara. Next you can print your picture and send the chosen products to your Electronic Shopping List. The products have been sent to the shopping list.

Last, after customer pick all the items that they need and put in their trolley, they can go to "Future Check-out". At future check-out, it identify their smart trolley contents and awaiting payment process. With the PSA, your purchases are immediately transmitted over the wireless network to the checkout terminal. All you need to do is give the cashier your reference number assigned by the PSA and pay.

Some Features of Metro Group Future Store
  • Smart Fridges 
  • Smart Washing Machine
  • Electronic Shopping List 
  • Future Card 
  • Smart Shelf 
  • Smart Information Terminal 
  • Advertising Display 
  • Smart Scales with RFID
  • Smart Trolley Automatically 
  • Smart Dressing Room 
  • Smart Mirror 
  • Future Check-out
  
Technology
1. Fast and Personal - Personal Shopping Assistant (PSA)
The convenient, user-friendly computer on the shopping cart.

2. Exciting and Informative - Electronic Advertising Displays
In the Future Store, Electronic Advertising Displays are located right next to the products themselves. They provide reliable, up-to-date information on products and Store are fitted with centrally-controlled electronic price tags. Price changes are automatically and wirelessly sent to the display and to the check-out.

3. Faster Weighing - Intelligent Scales
Automatically recognizes what type of fruit or vegetable is being weighed.

4. Do it Yourself - Self Check-out
Be your own cashier - with the new Self Check-out system.

5. Smart Assistant for the Staff - PDA
Thanks to the wireless Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), store employees can communicate more flexibly and efficiently.

6. Wireless LAN - Wireless Information Highway
The wireless local network is the backbone of the Future Store’s data and speech communication system.

7. RFID - Basic Technology for the Store of the Future
The RFID technology in the Future Store provides a host of benefits for customers, stores and the consumer goods industry alike.

8. Make it Possible - Micro chips
The RFID technology (Radio Frequency Identification) is the basis for optimized retail processes.

9. Never Empty - Smart Shelves
Readers built into the shelves recognize the RFID label attached to each product, and detect when a product has been incorrectly placed or removed.

Overview
To meet rising customer expectations and stay ahead of the competition, Metro Group try to enrich the shopping experience of its retail customers by providing them with valuable and relevant content in real time. Metro Group and IBM worked together to create a first-of-a-kind “smart” solution for retail by tracking product movement in real time. This same capability provides Metro Group with real-time business intelligence and tools to optimize its retail processes. 

Beginning the experience with a digital Personal Shopping Assistant attached to your shopping cart. Involve the customer shopping experience while continuously empowering them to make informed choices. Best-of-breed technology in combination with User-Centred-Design enables the customer to smartly navigate the shopping environment and find preferred products. Strategically placed Info-Terminals also engages the shopper to explore recipes or search for that special item on their list. Then "Self-Checkout" or not, it's your choice.

Key to success are; More engaging customer experience through detailed product information delivery, improvements in inventory and shelf replenishment management, and reductions in out-of-stock situations and lost sales through automated replenishment alerts.

Selasa, 12 Juni 2012

Merapi Eruption



Since the established status of Merapi to be “Alert” on 25 October 2010, all residents who lived in a radius of 10 km from the peak were evacuated. Obviously the first eruption occurred at around 17:02 on 26 October. At least the eruption going up to three times. eruptions spewing Material volcanic as high as approximately 1.5 km and is accompanied by the release of heat clouds which swept Kaliadem, Kepuharjo Village, District Cangkringan, Sleman. And taken the lives of 43 people, plus a baby from Magelang who died because of respiratory problems.

Since then began to vomit hot clouds occur irregularly. Starting 28 October , Mount Merapi spewed lava that appeared almost simultaneously with the discharge of hot clouds at 19:54 pm. Next start hotspots silence was observed at the peak on 1 November , marking a new phase that the magma has reached the pit crater.

Explosive eruptions preceded a major eruption on the morning of Thursday, 4 November 2010, resulting in column 4 km-high clouds and bursts of hot clouds in different directions at the foot of Merapi. Furthermore, since about three o'clock noon eruption that never stopped until the evening and reached its peak in the early hours Friday, 5 November 2010. Towards midnight, a radius danger to all the places enlarged to 20 km from the Peak. This eruption sequence and a roar audible until the city of Yogyakarta which is about 27 km from the Peak, Magelang, and the center of Wonosobo regency, a distance of 50 km. gravel and sand rain reach the city of Yogyakarta to the north, while the thick volcanic ash rains swept through Purwokerto and Cilacap. At noon, volcanic ash is known to have reached Tasikmalaya, Bandung, and Bogor.

Strong eruption on 5 November followed by a high activity for about a week, before then there was a slight decrease in activity, but the security status remains "Beware". On 15 November 2010 to limit the danger radius of Magelang Regency was reduced to 15 km and to two other districts of Central Java to 10 km. Just for the Sleman Regency is still enforced 20 km radius of danger. 

Explanation text: Flood



Flood is an overflow of water that submerges the land. Usually occurs because of heavy rain. Another cause is due to sea tide. But we hear most often floods often occur due to overflow of river water.Flood occurred in the river when water flow exceeds the capacity of river channels, especially at the corners. So for people who have homes or businesses close to the natural flood of the river often get losses. They have homes and businesses near the river because of the benefits and convenience aspects. Flood is also a seasonal problem that occurs in big cities with less or no drainage system.


Sea tide is also referred to the flood that also caused much losses to all those who live near the beach. So flood is not only detrimental to the area around the river but also cause losses in the area around the beach. But now the sea tide occur because of melting Arctic ice cap is causing the increase of sea water. 
So flood is a result of all natural disasters on earth. And flood itself is a natural disaster.

The word "flood" comes from the Old English “flod”, a word common to Germanic languages (compare German “Flut”, Dutch “vloed” from the same root as is seen in flow, float; also compare with Latin “fluctus”, “flumen”). Deluge myths are mythical stories of a great flood sent by a deity or deities to destroy civilization as an act of divine retribution, and are featured in the mythology of many cultures.

Hortatory Exposition: Fasten Your Seat Belt!


A seat belt, sometimes called a safety belt, is a safety harnessdesigned to secure the occupant of a vehicle against harmful movement that may result from a collision or a sudden stop. As part of an overall occupant restraint system, seat belts are intended to reduce injuries by stopping the wearer from hitting hard interior elements of the vehicle or other passengers (the so-called second impact) and by preventing the wearer from being thrown from the vehicle.

During 2004, total accident in DKI Jakarta are 4.544 cases, with 1.146 death victims, 63% of that accident victims didn’t use seat belt (Source: tempo interactive). If we use seat belt, we will be safe if an accident happening to us. Of course it will decrease the number of death by fatal accident. This fact makes us realize that if we don’t use seat belt, we will endanger our life. So it’s very important to use seat belt.

For some people, using seat belt makes journey uncomfortable, makes us can’t move freely, etc. But if we used to wear it, it will be our habit. We will feel more and more comfortable if we often use it. Regardless of whether it is comfortable or not, it is very important for us to use seat belt, to save our life.

Government, especially police department, began enforcing us to use a seat belt to decrease the number of death victim. It’s appropriated with polices’ slogan “Melindungi dan Mengayomi Masyarakat Indonesia”. Because the number of death victim in Indonesia is so high. And most of the death victims didn’t use seat belt. 


A rule in our country about seat belt:

UNDANG-UNDANG LALU LINTAS DAN ANGKUTAN JALAN
Pasal 61
(2) Barangsiapa tidak menggunakan sabuk keselamatan pada waktu mengemudikan kendaraan bermotor roda empat atau lebih, atau tidak mengggunakan helm pada waktu mengemudikan kendaraan bermotor roda dua atau pada waktu mengemudikan kendaraan bermotor roda empat atau lebih yang tidak dilengkapi dengan rumah-rumah, sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 23 ayat (1) huruf e, dipidana dengan pidana kurungan paling lama 1 (satu) bulan atau denda setinggi-tingginya Rp. 1.000.000,00 (satu juta rupiah).

This rule is good, but I think the sanction of this rule is so cruel; it’s very expensive to pay for Indonesian people. Indonesia isn’t a rich country. This rule is susceptible to be misused, the misuse of paying the sanction. It will be better if the sanction is below Rp 1.000.000,00. 


How about a pregnant woman?

I think pregnant woman shouldn’t be free from the rule enforcing the use of a seat belt. Her big stomach isn’t a reason to not use seat belt. Now, there is a special seat belt which is designed for pregnant woman. For pregnant mothers, the fetus is protected by a sac full of amniotic fluid. This sac is quite strong and the fluid inside acts like a cushion to protect the fetus. The sac is pliable so it can change shape to a certain degree. The proper use of a seat belt will divert the pressure points off the sac, and thus the fetus would only be minimally affected. The lap belt should be worn low over the pelvic bones and not against the soft stomach area. The shoulder belt should be worn across the chest. Both should be worn snugly. So, the baby won’t be pressed by seat belt. 

There is no reason for us to not use seat belt. There are so many advantages of using seat belt. And there are so many disadvantages if you don’t use seat belt. I think we have to rely on one thing: our safety. As wise men say: ”Protection is better than curing”. So, fasten your seat belt…!!!

Narrative text - The Banker and The Pauper



One day the banker could stand it no longer. He decided to find out why the pauper was a happy man inspite of his poverty. So he summoned him to his house and asked him his yearly income because he believed that happiness could only be measured in terms of wealth.

"I don't count too well, nor do I really care. I live each day as it comes and never worry about the next."

"Well, then, just tell me how much you earn in one day," insisted the rich man.

"I earn what I need. And even that would be too much were it not for all the Sundays and holidays when I must close my shop."

The banker liked the pauper. He wished to thank him for coming to his house, so he presented the poor man with a bag of hundred gold coins.

Now, to the pauper these coins, which meant so little to the banker, seemed a great fortune. He decided to hide the bag, so that he would have the money if ever he should need it. So, when he returned to his house, he dug a big hole in a secluded corner of the garden, threw the bag into it, and covered it with dirt.
pauper
But from that day on, the poor man's life changed- he began to worry about the safety of his money. Every night he slept a little less, and each time he heard the slightest sound, he became anxious about the safety of his coins.

Finally, he could bear his unhappiness no longer. He went to the garden, dug up the coins and returned them to the banker.

The pauper had learned an important lesson, and so has the banker.



Generic Structure:

Orientation

Once upon a time there lived a pauper and a banker. The first was as poor as the   second was rich. So it was inevitable that the rich man will be happier than the   pauper. But their natures were opposite, for the poor man was happy whereas the   banker was not. The banker was annoyed of the fact that while he tossed and   turned in his bed at night, the pauper slept peacefully and always awoke rested and    full of energy.


Complication

One day the banker could stand it no longer. He decided to find out why the pauper    was a happy man inspite of his poverty. So he summoned him to his house and   asked him his yearly income because he believed that happiness could only be   measured in terms of wealth.

"I don't count too well, nor do I really care. I live each day as it comes and never   worry about the next."

"Well, then, just tell me how much you earn in one day," insisted the rich man.

"I earn what I need. And even that would be too much were it not for all the   Sundays and holidays when I must close my shop."

The banker liked the pauper. He wished to thank him for coming to his house, so he    presented the poor man with a bag of hundred gold coins.

Now, to the pauper these coins, which meant so little to the banker, seemed a great    fortune. He decided to hide the bag, so that he would have the money if ever he   should need it. So, when he returned to his house, he dug a big hole in a secluded   corner of the garden, threw the bag into it, and covered it with dirt.

But from that day on, the poor man's life changed- he began to worry about the   safety of his money. Every night he slept a little less, and each time he heard the   slightest sound, he became anxious about the safety of his coins.


Resolution

Finally, he could bear his unhappiness no longer. He went to the garden, dug up the    coins and returned them to the banker.

The pauper had learned an important lesson, and so has the banker.

Selasa, 03 Januari 2012

Prasangka, Diskriminasi, dan Etnosentrisme

Tujuan Instruksional Umum:
Mahasiswa dapat memahami dan menghayati kenyataan-kenyataan yang disebabkan oleh adanya pertentangan sosial, mengetahui faktor-faktor yang dapat menyebabkan pertentangan sosial, mengkaji pertentangan yang dapat menimbulkan ketegangan sosial, memahami dan menghayati adanya berbagai golongan yang berbeda-beda, bersamaan dengan integrasi sosial, mengkaji integrasi sosial

Tujuan Instruksional Khusus:
  1. Mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan perbedaan kepentingan
  2. Mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan tentang diskriminasi dan etnosentris
  3. Mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan pertentangan dan ketegangan dalam masyarakat
  4. Mahasiswa dapat menyebutkan golongan-golongan yang berbeda dan integrasi sosial
  5. Mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan tentang integrasi nasional

PERBEDAAN KEPENTINGAN

Hidup bermasyarakat adalah hidup dengan berhubungan baik antara dihubungkan dengan menghubungkan antara individu-individu maupun antara kelompok dan golongan. Hidup bermasyarakat juga berarti kehidupan dinamis dimana setiap anggota satu dan lainnya harus saling memberi dan menerima. Anggota memberi karena ia patut untuk memberi dan anggota penerima karena ia patut untuk menerima. Ikatan berupa norma serta nilai-nilai yang telah dibuatnya bersama diantara para anggotanya menjadikan alat pengontrol agar para anggota masyarakat tidak terlepas dari rel ketentuan yang telah disepakati itu.

Rasa solider, toleransi, tenggang rasa, tepa selira sebagai bukti kuatnya ikatan itu. Pada diri setiap anggota terkandung makna adanya saling ikut merasakan dan saling bertanggungjawab pada setiap sikap tindak baik mengarah kepada yang positif maupun negatif. Sakit anggota masyarakat satu akan dirasakan oleh anggota lainnya. Tetapi disamping adanya suatu harmonisasi, disisi lain keadaan akan menjadi sebaliknya. Bukan harmonisasi ditemukan, tetapi disharmonisasi. Bukan keadaan organisasi tetapi disorganisasi.

Sering kita temui keadaan dimasyarakat para anggotanya pada kondisi tertentu, diwarnai oleh adanya persamaan-persamaan dalam berbagai hal. Tetapi juga didapati perbedaan-perbedaan dan bahkan sering kita temui pertentangan-pertentangan. Sering diharapkan panas sampai petang tetapi kiranya hujan setengah hari, karena sebagus-bagusnya gading akan mengalami keretakan. Itulah sebabnya keadaan masyarakat dan Negara mengalami kegoyahan-kegoyahan yang terkadang tidak terkendali dan dari situlah terjadinya perpecahan. Sudah tentu sebabnya, misalnya adanya pertentangan karena perbedaan keinginan.

Perbedaan kepentingan sebenarnya merupakan sifat naluriah disamping adanya persamaan kepentingan. Bila perbedaan kepentingan itu terjadi pada kelompok-kelompok tertentu, misalnya pada kelompok etnis, kelompok agama, kelompok ideologi tertentu termasuk antara mayoritas dan minoritas.



PRASANGKA DAN DISKRIMINASI


Prasangka atau prejudice berasal dari kata latin prejudicium, yang pengertiannya sekarang mengalami perkembangan sebagia berikut:
  1. Semula diartikan sebagai suatu presenden, artinya keputusan diambil atas dasar pengalaman yang lalu
  2. Dalam bahasa Inggris mengandung arti pengambilan keputusan tanpa penelitian dan pertimbangan yang cermat, tergesa-gesa atau tidak matang
  3. Untuk mengatakan prasangka dipersyaratkan pelibatan unsur-unsur emosilan (suka atau tidak suka) dalam keputusan yang telah diambil tersebut
Dalam konteks rasial, prasangka diartikan: “suatu sikap terhadap anggota kelompok etnis atau ras tertentu, yang terbentuk terlalu cepat tanpa suatu induksi”. Dalam hal ini terkandung suatu ketidakadilan dalam arti sikap yang diambilkan dari beberapa pengalaman dan yang didengarnya, kemudian disimpulkan sebagai sifat dari anggota seluruh kelompok etnis.

Prasangka diartikan suatu anggapan terhadap sesuatu dari seseorang bahwa sesuatu itu buruk dengan tanpa kritik terlebih dahulu. Bahasa arab menyebutnya “sukhudzon”. Orang, secara serta merta tanpa timbang-timbang lagi bahwa sesuatu itu buruk. Dan disisi lain bahasa arab “khusudzon” yaitu anggapan baik terhadap sesuatu.

Prasangka menunjukkan pada aspek sikap sedangkan diskriminasi pada tindakan. Menurut Morgan (1966) sikap adalah kecenderungan untuk merespon baik secara positif atau negarif terhadap orang, obyek atau situasi. Sikap seseorang baru diketahui setelah ia bertindak atau beringkah laku. Oleh karena itu bisa saja bahwa sikap bertentangan dengan tingkah laku atau tindakan. Jadi prasangka merupakan kecenderungan yang tidak nampak, dan sebagai tindak lanjutnya timbul tindakan, aksi yang sifatnya realistis. Dengan demikian diskriminatif merupakan tindakan yang realistis, sedangkan prasangka tidak realistis dan hanya diketahui oleh diri individu masing-masing.

Prasangka ini sebagian besar sifatnya apriori, mendahului pengalaman sendiri (tidak berdasarkan pengalaman sendiri), karena merupakan hasil peniruan atau pengoperan langsung pola orang lain. Prasangka bisa diartikan suatu sikap yang telampau tergesa-gesa, berdasarkan generalisasi yang terlampau cepat, sifat berat sebelah, dan dibarengi proses simplifikasi (terlalu menyederhanakan) terhadap sesuatu realita. Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari prasangka ini banyak dimuati emosi-emosi atau unsur efektif yang kuat.

Tidak sedikit orang yang mudah berprasangka, namun banyak juga orang-orang yang lebih sukar berprasangka. Mengapa terjadi perbedaan cukup menyolok? Tampaknya kepribadian dan inteligensi, juga faktor lingkungan cukup berkaitan dengan munculnya prasangka. Orang yang berinteligensi tinggi, lebih sukar berprasangka, mengapa? Karena orang-orang macam ini bersikap dan bersifat kritis. Prasangka bersumber dari suatu sikap. Diskriminasi menunjukkan pada suatu tindakan. Dalam pergaulan sehari-hari sikap prasangka dan diskriminasi seolah-olah menyatu, tak dapat dipisahkan. Seseorang yang mempunyai prasangka rasial, biasanya bertindak diskriminasi terhadap ras yang diprasangkainya. Walaupun begitu, bisa saja seseorang bertindak diskriminatif tanpa latar belakang prasangka. Demikian juga sebaliknya seseorang yang berprasangka dapat saja bertindak tidak diskriminatif.

Sebab-sebab timbulnya prasangka dan diskriminasi:
  1. Berlatar belakang sejarah
  2. Dilatar belakangi  oleh perkembangan sosio-kultural dan situasional
  3. Bersumber dari faktor kepribadian
  4. Berlatang belakang perbedaan keyakinan, kepercayaan, dan agama 
Usaha-usaha mengurangi/menghilangkan prasangka dan diskriminasi:
  1. Perbaikan kondisi sosial ekonomi
  2. Perluasan kesempatan belajar
  3. Sikap terbuka dan sikap lapang

ETNOSENTRISME

Setiap suku bangsa atau ras tertentu memiliki ciri khas kebudayaan yang berbeda dan sekaligus menjadi kebanggaan mereka. Suku bangsa ras tersebut cenderung menganggap kebudayaan  mereka sebagai salah satu prima, riil, logis, sesuai dengan kodrat alam dan sebagainya. Segala yang berbeda dengan kebudayaan yang mereka miliki, dipandang  sebagai suatu yang kurang baik, kurang estetis, dan bertentang dengan kodratnya. Hal tersebut dikenal sebagai Etnosentrisme, yaitu suatu kecendrungan yang menganggap nilai dan norma kebudayaan sendiri sebagai suatu yang prima, terbaik, mutlak, dan dipergunakannya sebagai tolak ukur untuk menilai dan membedakannya dengan kebudayaan lain.

Etnosentirisme merupakan gejala sosial yang universal, dan sikap yang demikian biasanya dilakukan secara tidak sadar, dengan kata lain kecendrungan tidak sadar untuk menginterpresntasikan atau menilai kelompok lain dengan tolak ukur kebudayaannya sendiri. Etnosentrisme dapat dianggap sebagai dasar ideologi Chauvinisme yang pernah dianut  oleh orang Jerman pada zaman Nazi Hitler. Mereka merasa dirinya superior, lebih unggul dari bangsa-bangsa lain dan memandang bangsa lain sebagai inferior, lebih rendah, nista, dan sebagainya.


SIKAP DAN PRASANGKA

Karena prasangka itu suatu sikap, yaitu sikap sosial, maka terlebih dahulu sikap perlu dirumuskan. Sikap menurut Morgan (1966) adalah kecenderungan untuk berespon, baik secara positif maupun negatif, terhadap orang, obyek, atau situasi. Tentu saja kecenderungan untuk berespon ini meliputi perasaan atau pandangannya, yang tidak sama dengan tingkah laku. Sikap seseorang baru diketahui bila ia sudah bertingkah laku. Sikap merupakan salah satu determinan dari tingkah laku, selain motivasi dan norma masyarakat. Oleh karena itu kadang-kadang sikap bertentangan dengan tingkah laku.

Karena berbeda dengan pengetahuan (knowledge), dalam sikap terkandung suatu penilaian emosional yang dapat berupa suka, tidak suka, senang, sedih, cinta, benci, dan sebagainya. Karena dalam sikap ada “suatu kecenderungan berespon”. maka seseroang mempunyai sikap yang umumnya mengetahui perilaku atau tindakan apa yang akan dilakukan bila bertemu dengan obyeknya. Dari uraian tersebut dapatlah disimpulkan, bahwa sikap mempunyai komponen-komponen, yaitu:
  1. Kognitif : artinya memiliki pengetahuan mengenai objek sikapnya terlepas pengetahuan itu benar atau salah
  2. Afektif : artinya dalam bersikap akan selalu mempunyai evaluasi emosinal (setuju-tidak setuju) mengenai objeknya
  3. Konatif : artinya kecenderungan bertingkah laku bila bertemu dengan objek sikapnya, mulai dari bentuk yang positif (tindakan sosialisasi) sampai pada yang aktif (tindakan menyerang)

PERTENTANGAN DAN KETEGANGAN DALAM MASYARAKAT


Konflik (pertentangan) mengandung suatu pengertian tingkah laku yang lebih luas daripada yang biasa dibayangkan orang dengan mengartikannya sebagai pertentangan yang kasar atau perang. Dasar konflik berbeda-beda. Terdapat 3 elemen dasar yang merupakan ciri-ciri dari situasi konflik yaitu:
  1. Terdapatnya dua atau lebih unit-unit atau bagian-bagian yang terlibat di dalam konflik
  2. Unit-unit tersebut mempunyai perbedaan-perbedaan yang tajam dalam kebutuhan-kebutuhan, tujuan-tujuan,  masalah-masalah, nilai-nilai, sikap-sikap, maupun gagasan-gagasan
  3. Terdapatnya interaksi di antara bagian-bagian yang mempunyai perbedaan-perbedaan tersebut
Konflik merupakan  suatu tingkah laku yang dibedakan dengan emosi-emosi tertentu yang sering dihubungkan dengannya, misalnya kebencian atau permusuhan. Konflik dapat terjadi pada lingkungan yang paling kecil yaitu individu, sampai kepada lingkungan yang luas yaitu masyarakat:
  1. Pada taraf di dalam diri seseorang, konflik menunjuk kepada adanya pertentangan, ketidakpastian, atau emosi-emosi dan dorongan yang antagonistic didalam diri seseorang
  2. Pada taraf kelompok, konflik ditimbulkan dari konflik yang terjadi dalam diri individu, dari perbedaan-perbedaan pada para anggota kelompok dalam tujuan-tujuan, nilai-nilai, dan norma-norma, motivasi-motivasi mereka untuk menjadi anggota kelompok, serta minat mereka 
  3. Para taraf masyarakat, konflik juga bersumber pada perbedaan di antara nilai-nilai dan norma-norma kelompok dengan nilai-nilai dan norma-norma kelompok yang bersangkutan berbeda. Perbedan-perbedaan dalam nilai, tujuan dan norma serta minat, disebabkan oleh adanya perbedaan pengalaman hidup dan sumber-sumber sosio-ekonomis didalam suatu kebudayaan tertentu dengan yang ada dalam kebudayaan-kebudayaan lain.
Adapun cara-cara pemecahan konflik tersebut adalah:
  1. Elimination; artinya pengunduran diri salah  satu pihak yang telibat dalam konflik yang diungkapkan dengan: kami mengalah, kami mendongkol, kami keluar, kami membentuk kelompok kami sendiri
  2. Subjugation atau domination; artinya orang atau pihak yang mempunyai kekuatan terbesar dapat memaksa orang atau pihak lain untuk mentaatinya
  3. Majority Rule; artinya suara terbanyak yang ditentukan dengan voting akan menentukan keputusan, tanpa mempertimbangkan argumentasi
  4. Minority Consent; artinya kelompok mayoritas yang memenangkan, namun kelompok minoritas tidak merasa dikalahkan dan menerima keputusan serta sepakat untuk melakukan kegiatan bersama
  5. Compromise; artinya kedua atau semua sub kelompok yang telibat dalam konflik berusaha mencari dan mendapatkan jalan tengah
  6. Integration; artinya pendapat-pendapat yang bertentangan didiskusikan, dipertimbangkan dan ditelaah kembali sampai kelompok mencapai suatu keputusan yang memuaskan bagi semua pihak

GOLONGAN-GOLONGAN YANG BERBEDA DAN INTEGRASI SOSIAL

Masyarakat Indonesia digolongkan sebagai masyarakat majemuk yang terdiri dari berbagai suku bangsa dan golongan sosial yang dipersatukan oleh kekuatan nasional yang berwujud Negara Indonesia. Masyarakat majemuk itu dipersatukan oleh sistem nasional yang mengintegrasikannya melalui jaringan-jaringan administrasi pemerintahan, politik, ekonomi dan sosial. Untuk lebih jelasnya dikemukakan aspek dari kemasyarakatan tersebut:
  1. Suku Bangsa dan Kebudayaannya
  2. Agama
  3. Bahasa
  4. Nation Indonesia 


INTEGRASI

Masalah besar yang dihadapi Indonesia setelah merdeka adalah integrasi diantara masyarakat yang majemuk. Integrasi bukan peleburan, tetapi keserasian persatuan. Masyarakat majemuk tetap berada pada kemajemukannya, mereka dapat hidup serasi berdampingan seperti yang tertulis pada Lambang Negara yaitu "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika", yang memiliki makna "berbeda-beda tetapi tetap merupakan kesatuan".


Variabel-variabel yang dapat menjadi penghambat dalam integrasi adalah:
  1. Klaim/tuntutan penguasaan wilayah yang dianggap miliknya
  2. Isu asli tidak asli, berkaitan dengan kehidupan ekonomi antar warga
  3. Agama, sentimen agama dapat digerakkan untuk mempertajam perbedaan kesukuan
  4. Prasangka yang merupakan sikap permusuhan terhadap seseorang anggota golongan tertentu.

INTEGRASI SOSIAL DAN INTEGRASI NASIONAL



Integrasi Sosial dapat diartikan adanya kerja sama dari seluruh anggota masyarakat mulai dari individu, keluarga, lembaga masyarakat secara keseluruhan. Ini akan terwujud apabila mampu mengendalikan prasangka yang ada di masyarakat sehingga tidak terjadi konflik, dominasi, tidak banyak sistem yang saling melengkapi dan tumbuh integrasi tanpa paksaan. Dalam sejarah tercatat bahwa Sumpah pemuda tahun 1928 adalah suatu perwujudan solidaritas sosial yang begitu kental antar golongan pemuda. Mereka bergabung, membaur, dan menyatu tidak memandang ras, agama, bahasa, menuju terwujudnya integrasi sosial-integrasi nasional. Bahwa bangsa Indonesia pada hakikatnya adalah satu, corak ragam budaya menggambarkan kekayaan budaya bangsa yang menjadi modal mengembangkan budaya bangsa seluruhnya, sehingga menjadi modal dasar bagi terwujudnya integrasi sosial-Integrasi nasional.

Integrasi Nasional merupakan masalah yang dialami semua negara di dunia, yang berbeda adalah bentuk permasalahan yang dihadapinya. Menghadapi masalah integrasi sebenarnya tidak memiliki kunci yang pasti karena masalah yang dihadapi berbeda dan latar belakang sosio-kultural nation state berbeda pula, sehingga integrasi diselesaikan sesuai dengan kondisi negara yang bersangkutan, dapat dengan jalan kekerasan atau strategi politik yang lebih lunak.

Beberapa permasalahan Integrasi Nasional:
  1. Perbedaan Ideologi
  2. Kondisi masyarakat yang majemuk
  3. Masalah teritorial daerah yang berjarak cukup jauh
  4. Pertumbuhan partai politik
  Upaya pendekatan:

  1. Mempertebal keyakinan seluruh warga negara terhadap Ideologi Nasional
  2. Membuka isolasi antar berbagai kelompok etnis dan antar daerah/pulau dengan membangun sarana komunikasi, informasi, dan transportasi
  3. Menggali kebudayaan daerah untuk menjadi kebudayaan nasional
  4. Membentuk jaringan asimilasi bagi berbagai kelompok etnis baik pribumi atau keturunan asing.





PENDAPAT

Diskriminasi masih sering terjadi di ibukota seperti Jakarta ini, khususnya untuk orang-orang yang memiliki kekurangan atau cacat fisik. Tidak usah berbicara terlau jauh tentang diskriminasi di tempat pekerjaan atau yang lainnya terhadap orang-orang yang mengalami kekurangan atau cacat fisik, masih banyak fasilitas-fasilitas umum yang tidak dapat digunakan secara optimal oleh orang-orang ini. Pemerintah haruslah segera membenahi masalah ini. Disisi lain, dari segi agama, berprasangka buruk adalah sesuatu yang dilarang. Bahaya lain selain dosa yang kita dapatkan, dengan prasangka buruk malah akan menambah buruk keadaan, membuat motivasi turun, dan menghalangi jalan kita menuju keberhasilan. Oleh karena itu mulai sekarang, marilah kita kurangi prasangka buruk terhadap sesama, termasuk untuk diri saya sendiri.



Diolah dari Sumber dan Referensi:

(Sumber: Buku MKDU Ilmu Sosial Dasar Oleh: Harwantiyoko, Neltje F. Katuuk Penerbit Gunadarma).









Nama       :  Freddy Arviando
NPM        :  52411954
Kelas       :  1IA10